Piles
Introduction Haemorrhoids, also known as piles, are swellings that contain enlarged and swollen blood vessels in or around the rectum and anus. In most cases, haemorrhoids are mild and some people do not experience any symptoms. In more severe cases, symptoms may include: Bleeding after passing a stool (the blood will be bright red) A pile may move down, outside of the anus (prolapse) and may need to be pushed back after passing a...
Peptic Ulcer Surgery
Introduction Stomach ulcers, also known as gastric ulcers, are open sores that develop on the lining of the stomach. Similar ulcers can occur in bit of intestine just beyond the stomach, known as duodenal ulcers. Both stomach and duodenal ulcers are sometimes referred to as peptic ulcers. Here the term “stomach ulcer” will be used, although the following information applies equally to duodenal ulcers. The most common symptom of...
Ovarian Cyst
Introduction An ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled sac that develops on a woman’s ovary. Ovarian cysts are very common and they do not usually cause any symptoms. In most cases, they are harmless and usually disappear without the need for treatment. However, if the cyst is large or is causing symptoms, it will probably have to be surgically removed. Ovarian cysts can affect women of any age. The ovaries The ovaries are two small,...
Nail Removal
Introduction An ingrown toenail develops when the sides of the toenail grow into the surrounding skin. The nail curls and pierces the skin, which becomes red, swollen and tender. The toe can also be painful when pressure is placed on it. The big toe is most likely to be affected, either on one or on both sides. The medical name for an ingrown toenail is onychocryptosis. What causes ingrown toenails? There are a number of possible...
Melanoma (Skin Cancer)
Introduction Melanoma is a rare and serious type of cancer that begins in the skin and can spread to other organs in the body. The most common sign of melanoma is the appearance of a new mole or a change in an existing mole. This can happen anywhere on the body, but most often on the back, legs, arms and face. In most cases, melanomas have an irregular shape and more than one colour. They may also be larger than normal moles and can...
Mastectomy
Introduction A mastectomy is an operation to remove a woman’s breast, usually because it has been affected by breast cancer. It is also used to remove non-cancerous breasts in order to reduce the risk of breast cancer developing in women who are at high risk. This is known as a prophylactic (risk-reducing) mastectomy. Mastectomies are very safe procedures with minimal complications. Afterwards, most people recover well. How effective...